have you ever read the docs? e.g: https://docs.katalon.com/docs/katalon-runtime-engine/command-syntax-command-lineconsole-mode-execution
note:
-g_<variable_name>Override Execution Profile variables.
Example:
-g_userName="admin"
if the above does not suit to your needs, you can set them as environment variables and retrieve from your code with System.getEnv()
how to retrieve them from local or external storage … is up to you, we don’t know what do you use as a vault and as CI for execution. use your imagination (aka read the corresponding docs)