I believe that in the older version of Katalon Studio, ${index} in a locator was NOT interpolated when the Test Objext has Selection Method: XPath. It only worked for Selection Method: Attributes.
I am not sure in which version of KS the interpolation “${index} → 0” was enabled for Selection Method: XPath as well. In fact, I found it works in the recent version just now and got a bit of surprise.
Which version of Katalon Studio do you use on your hands-on PC and on the server where Jenkins runs? You have older version on the server, don’t you?
Why not you change the Test Obect to have Selection Method: XPath → Attributes?